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The author(s) retains copyright to individual PNAS articles, and the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (NAS) holds copyright to the collective work and retains an exclusive License to Publish these articles, except for open access articles submitted beginning September 2017. For such open access articles, NAS retains a nonexclusive License to Publish, and these articles are distributed under either a CC BY-NC-ND or CC BY license.

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Authors whose work will be reused should be notified. Use of PNAS material must not imply any endorsement by PNAS or NAS. The full journal reference must be cited and, for articles published in Volumes 90–105 (1993–2008), "Copyright (copyright year) National Academy of Sciences" must be included as a copyright note.

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Additional information and answers to frequently asked questions about author rights and permissions are available on our FAQ page.

PNAS authors need not obtain permission for the following cases:

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The full journal reference must be cited and, for articles published in volumes 90–105 (1993–2008), "Copyright (copyright year) National Academy of Sciences" must be included as a copyright note.

Requesting Permission

For permission to reuse material in volumes 1–89 (1915–1992), requests should be sent to the original authors, who hold the copyright. The full journal reference must be cited.

For permission to reuse material in volumes 90–114 (1993–2017), requests should be sent to PNASpermissions@nas.edu and must include the following information about the requestor and the material:

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Requests must also include the following information about the intended use of the material:

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Permission is not required to use original figures or tables for noncommercial and educational use (i.e., in a review article, in a book that is not for sale) if the article published under the exclusive PNAS License to Publish. Please include a full journal reference and, for articles published in volumes 90–105 (1993–2008), include "Copyright (copyright year) National Academy of Sciences" as a copyright note. Commercial reuse of figures and tables (i.e., in promotional materials, in a textbook for sale) requires permission from PNAS.

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For permission to reprint material in volumes 114–present (2017–present), requests relating to articles published under the exclusive PNAS License to Publish should be sent to PNASpermissions@nas.edu. For open access articles that are distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND or CC BY license, permission may not be required. Users are advised to check each article for its publication license and corresponding reuse and distribution policies.

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Pay-per-use orders can be submitted directly through the Copyright Clearance Center website.

Authorization to photocopy items for the internal or personal use of specific clients is granted by the NAS provided that the proper fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center.

For questions regarding any of the above, including permission to photocopy beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the US Copyright Law, contact:

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